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What Political Groups Make Up the House of Representatives

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Coalitions in the transnational legislative body

This article is about groups of parties in the European Parliament. For pan-European political parties, run across European political political party.

The political groups of the European Parliament are the parliamentary groups of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies in that its members (MEPs) organise themselves into ideological groups, rather than national cleavages.[ane] The political groups of the European Parliament are usually the formal representation of a European political political party in the Parliament. In other cases, they are political coalitions of a number of European parties, national parties, and independent politicians.

The political groups of the European Parliament are strictly forbidden to campaign during the European elections since this is the sectional responsibleness of the European political parties.[2] Each political group is causeless to take a set up of core principles, and political groups that cannot demonstrate this may exist disbanded (see below).

Requirements and privileges [edit]

Working together in Groups benefits European political parties: for example, the European Free Alliance (5 MEPs in sixth Parliament) and the European Dark-green Political party (37 MEPs in sixth Parliament) have more than power by working together in the European Greens–European Gratis Alliance Group (42 MEPs) than they would have every bit stand-alone parties, bringing their causes much-needed additional support. Further incentives for co-operating in Groups include fiscal subsidies from the Parliament and guaranteed seats on committees[three] which are non afforded to Independent MEPs.

For a Group to exist formally recognised in the Parliament, it must fulfil the conditions laid downwards in the relevant European Parliament Rule of Procedure.[4] [5] That Dominion lays downward the minimum criteria a Group must see to qualify as a Grouping. Provided those criteria are met, MEPs tin can theoretically create any Group they like. This was put to the exam when MEPs attempted to create a far-right Grouping chosen "Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty" (ITS). This generated controversy and in that location were concerns about public funds going towards a far-right Group.[three] Attempts to block the formation of ITS were unsuccessful, simply ITS were blocked from leading positions on committees, a privilege usually afforded to all Groups.[half dozen]

These events spurred MEPs, mainly from the largest two groups, to approve a ascension in the threshold for groups for the 2009–2014 term to a minimum of 25 MEPs from at least 7 states. This was opposed past many MEPs, including the Liberal grouping, for being detrimental to democracy and the two other smallest groups in Parliament, whilst supporters argued that the change made information technology harder for the far right to merits Eu funds whilst still enabling 2.5% of MEPs to form a group.[vii]

Arrangement [edit]

Groups may exist based around a unmarried European political party (e.chiliad. the European People'southward Party, the Party of European Socialists) or they tin can include more than one European political party besides every bit national parties and independents[8] (e.g. the Liberal Group).

Each Group appoints a leader, referred to equally a "president", "co-ordinator" or "chair". The chairs of each Group run into in the Briefing of Presidents to decide what issues will be dealt with at the plenary session of the European Parliament. Groups can tabular array motions for resolutions and table amendments to reports.

Compositions [edit]

6th European Parliament [edit]

The mandate of previous European Parliament ran from 2004 and 2009. Information technology was composed of the following political groups.

Group Parties Leader(s) Est. MEPs
European People'southward Political party–European Democrats (EPP–ED) European People's Party (EPP)
European Democrats (ED) 		Joseph Daul 1999 288
Party of European Socialists (Human foot) Party of European Socialists (Foot) Martin Schulz 1953 217
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) European Liberal Democrat and Reform Political party (ELDR)
European Democratic Party (EDP)
+ 2 unaffiliated national parties
+ two independent politicians 		Graham Watson 2004 104
Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN) Alliance for Europe of the Nations (AEN)
+ vi unaffiliated national parties 		Cristiana Muscardini 1994 40
The Greens–European Costless Brotherhood (Greens–EFA) European Green Party (EGP)
European Free Alliance (EFA)
+ ii unaffiliated national parties 		Monica Frassoni
Daniel Cohn-Bendit 		1999 43
European United Left–Nordic Dark-green Left (GUE–NGL) Party of the European Left (PEL)
Nordic Light-green Left Brotherhood (NGLA)
+ five unaffiliated national parties 		Francis Wurtz 1994 41
Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe (AIDE)
EUDemocrats (EUD)
+ 2 unaffiliated national parties 		Nigel Farage
Kathy Sinnott 		2004 22
Not-Inscrits (NI) Euronat
+ 11 unaffiliated national parties
+ three contained politicians 		Northward/A 30
Source for MEPs: European Parliament Total 785

7th European Parliament [edit]

Group Parties Leader(s) Est. MEPs
European People'southward Political party (EPP) European People's Party (EPP)
+1 unaffiliated national party 		Joseph Daul 2009 274
Progressive Brotherhood of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) Party of European Socialists (PES)
+3 unaffiliated national parties 		Hannes Swoboda 2009 195
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
European Democratic Party (EDP)
+ iii contained politicians 		Guy Verhofstadt 2004 85
The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens–EFA) European Green Party (EGP)
European Free Brotherhood (EFA)
+ 2 unaffiliated national parties
+ 2 independent politicians 		Daniel Cohn-Bendit
Rebecca Harms 		1999 58
European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR)
European Christian Political Move (ECPM)
+ 1 unaffiliated national party
+ two independent politicians 		Martin Callanan 2009 56
European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE-NGL) Political party of the European Left (PEL)
Nordic Green Left Alliance (NGLA)
+ 10 unaffiliated national parties 		Gabi Zimmer 2009 35
Europe of Liberty and Democracy (EFD) Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Republic (MELD)
+ 2 unaffiliated national parties
+ 2 independent politicians 		Nigel Farage
Francesco Speroni 		2009 33
Non-Inscrits (NI) Alliance of European National Movements (AENM)
+fourteen unaffiliated national parties
+ 3 independent politicians 		N/A xxx
Source for MEPs: European Parliament Total 766

8th European Parliament [edit]

Major changes compared to the period 2004–2009 are:

  • The germination of a new political group, the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR).[9] This conservative, Eurosceptic grouping is headed by 26 MEPs from the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's Conservative Party.
  • The Eurosceptic Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) and Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN) groups suffered heavy losses in the election. On their ain they no longer had enough MEPs to course a split up group. MEPs formerly from these groups formed the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group on 1 July 2009.
  • The center-right European People's Party now formed its own parliamentary grouping in its entirety, every bit the former members of the European Democrats left the grouping to join the ECR.
  • The parliamentary group of the Political party of European Socialists renamed itself to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or Socialists and Democrats (S&D) to accommodate the Democratic Political party of Italian republic.[10] The Autonomous Party did not become fellow member of the Party of European Socialists until February 2014.
Group Parties Leader(southward) Est. MEPs
European People'south Political party (EPP)
  • European People's Party (EPP)
  • +1 unaffiliated national party
  • +four independent politicians
 Manfred Weber 2009 216
Progressive Brotherhood of Socialists and Democrats (South&D)
  • Party of European Socialists (Foot)
  • +iii unaffiliated national parties
 Gianni Pittella 2009 185
European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)
  • Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE)
  • European Christian Political Movement (ECPM)
  • + 1 unaffiliated national party
  • + 2 contained politicians
 Syed Kamall 2009 77
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
  • Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
  • European Democratic Party (EDP)
  • + 5 unaffiliated national parties
 Guy Verhofstadt 2004 69
European United Left–Nordic Light-green Left (GUE-NGL)
  • Party of the European Left (PEL)
  • European Anti-Capitalist Left (EACL)
  • Nordic Dark-green Left Brotherhood (NGLA)
  • Maintenant le Peuple (MLP)
  • + 10 unaffiliated national parties
 Gabi Zimmer 1995 52
Greens–European Complimentary Alliance (Greens–EFA)
  • European Green Political party (EGP)
  • European Complimentary Alliance (EFA)
  • + iii unaffiliated national parties
  • + 2 contained politicians
  • Rebecca Harms
  • Philippe Lamberts
 1999 52
Europe of Freedom and Direct Republic (EFDD)
  • Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe (ADDE)
  • + 1 unaffiliated national party
  • + 1 independent politician
 Nigel Farage 2014 42
Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF)
  • European Alliance for Freedom (EAF)
  • Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom (MENF)
  • + two unaffiliated national parties
  • + 2 independent politicians
  • Marine Le Pen
  • Marcel de Graaff
 2015 36
Non-Inscrits (NI)
  • Brotherhood for Peace and Freedom (APF)
  • Brotherhood of European National Movements (AENM)
  • Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties (INITIATIVE)
  • +iii unaffiliated national parties
  • +4 independent politicians
 N/A 20
Source for MEPs: Seats past Member Land Total 749

9th European Parliament [edit]

Group[11] Parties Leader(southward) Est. MEPs 2019[12] Brexit change MEPs 2022[13]
European People'south Party (EPP)
  • European People'southward Political party (EPP)
 Manfred Weber[fourteen] 2009

182 / 751

−0
+5

177 / 703

Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D)
  • Party of European Socialists (PES)
 Iratxe García[15] 2009

154 / 751

−10
+3

144 / 703

Renew Europe (Renew)[sixteen]
  • Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)[17]
  • European Democratic Political party (EDP)
 Stéphane Séjourné[xviii] 2019

108 / 751

−17
+7

101 / 703

Greens–European Gratis Brotherhood (Greens–EFA)
  • European Green Party (EGP)
  • European Free Alliance (EFA)
  • European Pirate Political party (PPEU)
  • Volt Europa (Volt)
  • Ska Keller
  • Philippe Lamberts[19]
1999

74 / 751

−11
+4

72 / 703

Identity and Democracy (ID)[20]
  • Identity and Democracy Party (ID Party)
  • Marco Zanni[21]
2019

73 / 751

−0
+iii

70 / 703

European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)
  • European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party)
  • European Christian Political Movement (ECPM)
  • Raffaele Fitto
  • Ryszard Legutko
 2009

62 / 751

−4
+3

64 / 703

The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL (GUE-NGL)
  • Party of the European Left (PEL)
  • Nordic Greenish Left Alliance (NGLA)
  • Now the People! (NTP!)
  • Fauna Politics European union (APEU)
  • Manon Aubry
  • Martin Schirdewan
 1995

41 / 751

−1
+0

39 / 703

Non-inscrits
  • Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF)
  • Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties (INITIATIVE)
 – –

57 / 751

−30
+ii

35 / 703

The 73 UK MEPs left in January 2020, and 36 additional MEPs were drawn from the remaining fellow member states bringing the total to 705.

Political party relations [edit]

The Parliament does not form a government in the traditional sense and its politics take developed over consensual rather than adversarial lines.[22] No single group has always held a bulk in Parliament.[23] Historically, the 2 largest parliamentary formations have been the EPP Group and the Foot Group, which are affiliated to their respective European political parties, the European People'due south Party (EPP) and the Party of European Socialists (PES). These two Groups have dominated the Parliament for much of its life, continuously holding between 50 and 70 per centum of the seats together. The PES were the largest single political party group upwards to 1999, when they were overtaken by the heart-correct EPP.[24] [25]

In 1987 the Single European Act came into force and, under the new cooperation procedure, the Parliament needed to obtain large majorities to brand the most impact. So the EPP and Pes came to an agreement to co-operate in the Parliament.[26] This understanding became known as the "grand coalition" and, aside from a interruption in the fifth Parliament,[27] it has dominated the Parliament for much of its life, regardless of necessity. The grand coalition is visible in the agreement betwixt the two Groups to divide the five-year term of the President of the European Parliament equally between them, with an EPP president for half the term and a Human foot president for the other one-half, regardless of the actual ballot upshot.[22]

Position of the liberals [edit]

ELDR Group leader Graham Watson MEP denounced the grand coalition in 2007 and expressed a desire to ensure that the posts of Committee President, Quango President, Parliament President and High Representative were not divided based on agreement between the ii largest groups to the exclusion of 3rd parties.[28]

During the 5th term the ELDR Grouping were involved in a break in the grand coalition when they entered into an alliance with the European People'south Political party, to the exclusion of the Party of European Socialists.[27] This was reflected in the Presidency of the Parliament with the terms being shared between the EPP and the ELDR, rather than the EPP and Foot equally earlier.[29]

Break in the coalition [edit]

However ELDR intervention was not the but crusade for a interruption in the grand coalition. There take been specific occasions where real left-right party politics have emerged, notably the resignation of the Santer Commission. When the initial allegations against the Commission Upkeep emerged, they were directed primarily confronting the PES Édith Cresson and Manuel Marín. PES supported the commission and saw the consequence as an attempt by the EPP to ignominy their party ahead of the 1999 elections. EPP disagreed. Whilst the Parliament was considering rejecting the Community budget, President Jacques Santer argued that a "No" vote would exist tantamount to a vote of no confidence. PES leader Pauline Green MEP attempted a vote of confidence and the EPP put forward counter motions. During this period the two Groups adopted a regime-opposition dynamic, with Foot supporting the executive and EPP renouncing its previous coalition back up and voting it downwardly.[30]

In 2004 there was another notable suspension in the grand coalition. Information technology occurred over the nomination of Rocco Buttiglione equally European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security. The EPP supported the engagement of Buttiglione, while the PES, who were also critics of the President-designate Jose Manuel Barroso, led the parties seeking Buttiglione's removal post-obit his rejection (the first in European union history) by a Parliamentary committee. Barroso initially stood by his team and offered only small concessions, which were rejected past the PES. The EPP demanded that if Buttiglione were to become, then a PES commissioner must also exist sacrificed for residuum.[31] In the cease, Italy withdrew Buttiglione and put forward Franco Frattini instead. Frattini won the support of the PES and the Barroso Commission was finally approved, albeit behind schedule.[32] Politicisation such every bit the above has been increasing, with Simon Hix of the London Schoolhouse of Economics noting in 2007 that[33]

Our work also shows that politics in the European Parliament is condign increasingly based around political party and credo. Voting is increasingly divide along left-correct lines, and the cohesion of the party groups has risen dramatically, especially in the fourth and fifth parliaments. So there are likely to be policy implications here too.

Positions [edit]

Economy and Euroscepticism [edit]

Hix-Lord model for starting time one-half of the Sixth Parliament (see description for sources)

Tabular array three[34] of the 3 January 2008 version of a working paper[35] from the London School of Economics/Free Academy of Brussels by Hix and Noury considered the positions of the groups in the Sixth Parliament (2004–2009) past analysing their roll-call votes. The results for each grouping are shown in the adjacent diagram. The vertical scale is anti-pro Europe spectrum, (0% = extremely anti-Europe, 100% = extremely pro), and the horizontal scale is economic left-correct spectrum, (0% = extremely economically left-fly, 100% = extremely economically right-fly). The results are too shown in the table below.

Grouping positions (Sixth Parliament)
Group Left-right spectrum Eurosceptic spectrum Sources
EUL/NGL very left-wing Eurosceptic [34]
PES center-left very Europhile [34]
Thou/EFA left-fly Europhile [34]
ALDE eye Europhile [34]
EPP-ED (EPP subgroup) centre-right Europhile [34]
EPP-ED (ED subgroup) right-wing Eurosceptic [34]
IND/DEM (reformist subgroup) centre very Eurosceptic [34]
IND/DEM (secessionist subgroup) very correct-fly Secessionist [34]
UEN centre-right Eurosceptic [34]

Two of the groups (EPP-ED and IND/DEM) were dissever. EPP-ED are split on Euroscepticism: the EPP subgroup ( ) were centre-right Europhiles, whereas the ED subgroup ( ) were right-fly Eurosceptics.

IND/DEM was also split along its subgroups: the reformist subgroup ( , lesser-center) voted as centrist Eurosceptics, and the secessionist subgroup ( , middle-correct) voted as right-wing Euroneutrals. The reformist subgroup was able to pursue a reformist agenda via the Parliament. The secessionist subgroup was unable to pursue a secessionist agenda at that place (it's out of the Parliament's purview) and pursued a right-wing agenda instead. This resulted in the secessionist subgroup beingness less eurosceptic in terms of scroll-phone call votes than other, non-eurosceptic parties. UKIP (the major component of the secessionist subgroup) was criticised for this seeming abandonment of its Eurosceptic core principles.[36]

Grouping positions [edit]

Table ii[37] [38] of a 2005 discussion paper[39] from the Institute for International Integration Studies by Gail McElroy and Kenneth Benoit analysed the group positions between Apr and June 2004, at the end of the Fifth Parliament and immediately before the 2004 elections. The results are given below, with 0% = extremely against, 100% = extremely for (except for the left-correct spectrum, where 0% = extremely left-wing, 100% = extremely right-wing)

Grouping positions (end of Fifth Parliament)
Group Issue on which position was analysed
Left-Correct Revenue enhancement Deeper Europe Federal Europe Deregulation Common Foreign and Security Policy Fortress Europe (immigration) Light-green issues Homosexual equality, abortion, euthanasia
EUL/NGL 18.0% 75.5% 52.5% 46.0% twenty.0% 39.0% xxx.v% 65.v% 78.five%
One thousand/EFA 25.5% 71.5% 63.v% 58.0% 33.5% 44.0% 32.5% 85.v% 80.0%
Pes 37.0% 68.0% 68.5% 69.5% 37.0% 71.5% 36.v% 57.0% 72.0%
ELDR 59.0% 34.5% 62.v% 68.5% 71.0% 68.v% 37.0% 45.5% 78.0%
EPP-ED 63.0% 33.0% 63.0% 63.0% 67.5% 70.0% 60.0% 39.five% xxx.v%
UEN 82.v% 30.5% eleven.5% 17.0% 65.0% 16.0% 87.5% 36.0% 24.5%
EDD 85.5% 29.5% five.v% 5.5% 73.0% 7.five% 87.5% 35.v% 24.5%
Source [37] [38] [38] [38] [37] [38] [37] [38] [38]

EUL/NGL and G/EFA were the well-nigh left-wing groups, UEN and EDD the most correct-wing, and that was mirrored in their attitudes towards taxation, homosexual equality, abortion, euthanasia and controlling migration into the European union. The groups cruel into two distinct camps regarding further evolution of EU say-so, with UEN and EDD definitely against and the residue broadly in favor. Opinion was wider on the CFSP, with only Foot, ELDR and EPP-ED in favor and the others against. Unsurprisingly, G/EFA was far more than in favor of Dark-green issues compared to the other groups.

Attitude to European union tax [edit]

2007 Group mental attitude to Eu tax (see description for sources).

Table 1[40] of an Apr 2008 word paper[41] from the Center for European Economic Research by Heinemann et al. analysed each Group's stance on a hypothetical generalised EU revenue enhancement. The results for each Group are given in the adjacent diagram with the horizontal scale scaled so that −100% = totally against and 100% = totally for. The results are also given in the table below, rescaled and so that 0% = totally confronting, 100% = totally for.

Grouping attitude to European union tax (2008)
Group Attitude to a hypothetical EU tax Source
G/EFA 97.5% [40]
Pes 85.i% [40]
ITS 62.5% [40]
EUL/NGL 55.0% [forty]
ALDE 53.v% [40]
EPP-ED 53.5% [forty]
UEN 34.8% [40]
IND/DEM 0.0% [40]
NI 0.0% [40]

Grand/EFA and Pes were in favor of such a tax, IND/DEM and the Independents were definitely against, the others had no clear position.

Analyses [edit]

National media focus on the MEPs and national parties of their ain member country, neglecting the group's activities and poorly understanding their structure or even beingness. Transnational media coverage of the groups per se is limited to those organs such as the Parliament itself, or those news media (eastward.grand. EUObserver or theParliament.com) that specialise in the Parliament. These organs cover the groups in detail simply with little overarching analysis. So although such organs brand it piece of cake to find out how a group acted on a specific vote, they provide petty data on the voting patterns of a specific group. As a result, the only bodies providing assay of the voting patterns and Weltanschauung of the groups are academics.[ citation needed ] Academics analysing the European political groups include Simon Hix (London School of Economic science and Political Science), Amie Kreppel University of Florida, Abdul Noury (Free University of Brussels), Gérard Roland, (University of California, Berkeley), Gail McElroy (Trinity Higher Dublin, Department of Political Science), Kenneth Benoit (Trinity Higher Dublin – Institute for International Integration Studies (IIIS)[42]), Friedrich Heinemann, Philipp Mohl, and Steffen Osterloh (University of Mannheim – Centre for European Economic Enquiry[43]).

Grouping cooperation [edit]

Table 3[44] of 21 August 2008 version of working paper by Hix and Noury[45] gave figures for the level of cooperation between each group (how many times they vote with a grouping, and how many times they vote against) for the Fifth and 6th Parliaments. The results are given in the tables below, where 0% = never votes with, 100% = ever votes with.

Group cooperation (Sixth Parliament)
Group Number of times voted with (%) Sources
EUL/NGL G/EFA PES ALDE EPP-ED UEN IND/DEM NI
EUL/NGL due north/a 75.4 62.0 48.0 39.6 42.two 45.5 48.6 [44]
One thousand/EFA 75.iv n/a seventy.3 59.two 47.four 45.i twoscore.3 43.0 [44]
Pes 62.0 70.three n/a 75.3 68.4 62.viii 42.9 52.iii [44]
ALDE 48.0 59.ii 75.3 n/a 78.0 72.4 48.0 53.7 [44]
EPP-ED 39.half dozen 47.4 68.iv 78.0 n/a 84.3 54.0 64.1 [44]
UEN 42.ii 45.1 62.viii 72.4 84.3 due north/a 56.8 64.7 [44]
IND/DEM 45.5 40.three 42.9 48.0 54.0 56.eight n/a 68.1 [44]
NI 48.6 43.0 52.3 53.vii 64.one 64.7 68.1 n/a [44]
Group cooperation (Fifth Parliament)
Group Number of times voted with (%) Sources
EUL/NGL M/EFA PES ELDR EPP-ED UEN EDD NI
EUL/NGL n/a 79.three 69.1 55.four 42.4 45.nine 59.2 52.four [44]
G/EFA 79.3 n/a 72.0 62.3 47.ane 45.2 55.5 51.0 [44]
Human foot 69.1 72.0 n/a 72.nine 64.5 52.6 52.6 56.8 [44]
ELDR 55.4 62.3 72.nine n/a 67.9 55.0 52.3 threescore.0 [44]
EPP-ED 42.4 47.i 64.five 67.ix north/a 71.2 52.0 68.two [44]
UEN 45.9 45.ii 52.half dozen 55.0 71.2 n/a 62.6 73.eight [44]
EDD 59.ii 55.five 52.half-dozen 52.three 52.0 62.vi n/a 63.viii [44]
NI 52.4 51.0 56.8 60.0 68.two 73.eight 63.8 n/a [44]

EUL/NGL and M/EFA voted closely together, as did PES and ALDE, and EPP-ED and UEN. Surprisingly, given that PES and EPP-ED are partners in the One thousand Coalition, they were not each other's closest allies, although they did vote with each other nearly two-thirds of the fourth dimension. IND/DEM did not accept close allies within the political groups, preferring instead to cooperate almost closely with the Non-Inscrits.

Group cohesion [edit]

Cohesion is the term used to ascertain whether a Group is united or divided amongst itself. Figure i[46] of a 2002 paper from European Integration online Papers (EIoP) by Thorsten Faas analysed the Groups equally they stood in 2002. The results for each Grouping are given in the adjacent diagram with the horizontal scale scaled so that 0% = totally split, 100% = totally united. The results are also given in the table below.

Group cohesion (2002)
Group Cohesion Source
Foot approx 90% [46]
ELDR approx 90% [46]
G/EFA approx ninety% [46]
EPP-ED approx 80% [46]
UEN approx 70% [46]
EUL/NGL approx 65% [46]
TGI approx fifty% [46]
NI approx 45% [46]
EDD approx 35% [46]

G/EFA, PES and ELDR were the most united groups, with EDD the about disunited.

Proportion of female person MEPs [edit]

2006 Group gender remainder (see clarification for sources).

The March 2006 edition of "Social Europe: the periodical of the European Left"[47] included a affiliate called "Women and Social Democratic Politics" by Wendy Stokes. That affiliate[48] gave the proportion of female MEPs in each Group in the European Parliament. The results for each Group are given in the adjacent diagram. The horizontal scale denotes gender balance (0% = totally male person, 100% = totally female, but no Group has a female bulk, so the scale stops at 50%). The results are too given in the table below.

Group percentage female (2006)
Group Percent female Source
G/EFA 47.6% [48]
ALDE 41% [48]
Foot 38% [48]
EUL/NGL 29% [48]
EPP-ED 23% [48]
UEN 16.8% [48]
IND/DEM ix% [48]

G/EFA, Pes and ALDE were the most counterbalanced groups in terms of gender, with IND/DEM the most unbalanced.

Group switching [edit]

Party group switching in the European Parliament is the phenomenon where parliamentarians individually or collectively switch from one party group to the other. The phenomenon of EP party group switching is a well-known contributor to the volatility of the EP party system and highlights the fluidity that characterizes the limerick of European parliamentary groups. On average 9% of MEPs switch during legislative terms. Party grouping switching is a phenomenon that gained force peculiarly in the legislatures during the 1990s, up to a maximum of 18% for the 1989–1994 term, with strong prevalence among representatives from France and Italy, though past no means limited to those 2 countries. There is a clear trend of party group switches from the ideological extremes, both left and right, toward the center. About switching takes place at the outset of legislative terms, with another elevation effectually the half-term moment, when responsibilities rotate within the EP bureaucracy.[49]

History [edit]

The composition of the European Parliament with regard to percental share of deputies for each political group, 1979 to 2019. Left to correct[50];

graph of development of political groups in the European Parliament

Evolution of political groups in the European Parliament

The political groups of the European Parliament have been around in one form or another since September 1952 and the start coming together of the Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly. The groups are coalitions of MEPs and the European parties and national parties that those MEPs belong to. The groups have coalesced into representations of the ascendant schools of European political thought and are the primary actors in the Parliament.

The first three Groups were established in the earliest days of the Parliament. They were the "Socialist Group" (which somewhen became the Due south&D group), the "Christian Democrat Grouping" (afterwards EPP group) and the "Liberals and Allies Group" (subsequently ALDE grouping).

As the Parliament developed, other Groups emerged. Gaullists from France founded the European Autonomous Matrimony Group.[51] When Conservatives from Denmark and the United kingdom joined, they created the European Conservatives Group, which (after some name changes) somewhen merged with the Grouping of the European People'south Party.[52]

The 1979 starting time directly ballot established further groups and the establishment of European political parties such as the European People's Party.[53]

Some of the groups (such as the PES and S&D Grouping) have get homogeneous units coterminous with their European political party, some (such as IND/DEM) have not. But they are still coalitions, not parties in their own right, and do not issue manifestos of their own. It may therefore be difficult to discern how the groups intend to vote without beginning inspecting the party platforms of their elective parties, and and so with express certainty.

Christian democrats and conservatives [edit]

In European politics, the centre-correct is commonly occupied by Christian democrats and conservatives. These two ideological strands have had a tangled relationship in the Parliament. The first Christian Democrat Group was founded in 1953[54] and stayed with that name for a quarter of a century. Meanwhile, outside the Parliament, local Christian-democratic parties were organising and eventually formed the pan-national political party called the "European People's Party" on 29 Apr 1976. Since all the Christian-autonomous MEPs were members of this pan-European party, the Grouping's proper name was changed to point this: starting time to the "Christian-Democratic Group (Group of the European People'south Party)"[53] [55] on 14 March 1978,[53] then to "Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)"[53] [55] [56] on 17 July 1979.[53] Meanwhile, on 16 Jan 1973,[52] the "European Conservative Grouping"[54] was formed past the British and Danish Conservative parties, which had recently joined the EEC. This group was renamed to the "European Democratic Group"[51] [57] on 17 July 1979.[52] The EPP Grouping grew during the 1980s, with bourgeois parties such equally New Democracy of Greece and the People's Party of Spain joining the Grouping. In dissimilarity, the number of MEPs in the European Democratic Group brutal over the same flow and it somewhen merged with the EPP Grouping on one May 1992.[52] This consolidation of the centre-right continued during the 1990s, with MEPs from the Italian centre-right party Forza Italian republic being admitted into the EPP Group on fifteen June 1998,[58] later spending nearly a year (nineteen July 1994[58] to 6 July 1995[58]) in their own Group, self-referentially called "Forza Europa", and nearly three years (six July 1995[58] to 15 June 1998[58]) in the national-conservative Group chosen "Union for Europe". But the Conservatives were growing restless and on 20 July 1999[54] the EPP Group was renamed[54] to the "Group of the European People'southward Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats"[59] (EPP-ED) to identify the Conservative parties within the Group. The Group remained nether that proper name until after the 2009 European elections, when it reverted to the title "Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)" upon the go out of the European Democrats subgroup and the formation of the "European Conservatives and Reformists" group in June 2009.

Group
proper name 		English
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament proper name 		From To
Christian Democratic Grouping CD[54] DC[53] Christian Democratic Grouping[54] [55] 23 June 1953[53] fourteen March 1978[53]
Christian Democratic Group CD[54] DC[53] Christian Democratic Group (Group of the European People's Party)[53] [55] 14 March 1978[53] 17 July 1979[53]
European Conservatives C[54] n/a European Bourgeois Group[54] [57] xvi January 1973[52] 17 July 1979[52]
European Democrats ED[51] [54] [60] DE[52] European Democratic Group[51] [57] 17 July 1979[52] 1 May 1992[52]
European People'southward Political party EPP[sixty] PPE[53] Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)[53] [55] [56] 17 July 1979[53] 1 May 1999[53]
Forza Europa FE[51] [sixty] [61] n/a Forza Europa xix July 1994[58] half-dozen July 1995[58]
European People's Political party–European Democrats EPP-ED[threescore] PPE-DE[59] Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats[59] [62] 20 July 1999[54] 22 June 2009
European People's Political party EPP PPE Group of the European People'southward Party (Christian Democrats) 22 June 2009 present

[edit]

In western Europe, social-autonomous parties have been the dominant heart-left force since the dawn of modernistic European cooperation. The Socialist Grouping was ane of the get-go Groups to be founded when it was created on 23 June 1953[63] in the European Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Customs, and continued through the creation of the appointed Parliament in 1958 and the elected Parliament in 1979. Meanwhile, the national parties making up the Group were also organising themselves on a European level outside the Parliament, with the parties creating the "Confederation of Socialist Parties of the European Community" in 1974[54] [64] [65] and its successor, the "Party of European Socialists", in 1992.[64] [65] As a result, the Grouping (which had kept its "Socialist Group" name all along) was renamed to the "Grouping of the Political party of European Socialists" on 21 Apr 1993[63] and information technology became hard to distinguish betwixt the Party of European Socialists party and the parliamentary group. The Group reverted to (approximately) its erstwhile name of the "Socialist Group in the European Parliament".[59] on xx July 2004[63] Despite all this, the Group was still universally referred to as "PES", nevertheless the 2009 proper noun change to the "Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats" to accommodate the Autonomous Party of Italia.[66]

Grouping
name 		English
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament name 		From To
Socialist Grouping South[54] n/a Group of the Socialists[54] 23 June 1953[63] 1958[64]
Socialist Group SOC[60] n/a Socialist Group[64] [67] 1958[64] 21 April 1993[63]
Party of European Socialists Pes[sixty] PSE[59] "Grouping of the Party of European Socialists"[54] [68] (until xx July 2004)[63]
"Socialist Group in the European Parliament"[59] [69] (since 20 July 2004[63]) 		21 Apr 1993[63] 23 June 2009
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats S&D S&D Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament 23 June 2009 present

Liberals and centrists [edit]

In European politics, liberalism tends to be associated with ideas inspired by classical and economical liberalism, which advocates limited government intervention in gild. However, the Liberal Group contains diverse parties, including conservative-liberal, social-liberal and Nordic agrarian parties. It has previously been home to parties such as the minor French Gaullist party Union for the New Republic and the Social Democratic Party of Portugal, which were non explicitly liberal parties, but who were non aligned with either the Socialist or the Christian Democratic Groups. The Liberal Group was founded on 23 June 1953[70] under the name of the "Group of Liberals and Allies".[lxx] As the Parliament grew, it changed its name to the "Liberal and Democratic Grouping"[54] [70] (1976[70]), then to the "Liberal and Democratic Reformist Grouping"[71] (13 December 1985[70]), then to the "Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party"[54] [56] [seventy] (19 July 1994[lxx]) before settling on the name of the "Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe"[70] on 20 July 2004,[70] when the Group was joined by the centrist parties that formed the European Democratic Political party.

Between 1994 and 1999 at that place was a separate "European Radical Alliance", which consisted of MEPs of the French Energie Radicale, the Italian Bonino List, and regionalists aligned with the European Free Alliance.[72]

The electric current name as of 2022 is "Renew Europe".

Grouping
proper name 		English
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament proper name 		From To
Liberal Group L[lxx] north/a Group of Liberals and Allies[seventy] 23 June 1953[70] 1976[70]
Liberal and Democratic Group LD[70] n/a Liberal and Autonomous Group[54] [70] [73] 1976[70] thirteen December 1985[seventy]
Liberal and Democratic Reformist Grouping LDR[51] [70] n/a Liberal and Democratic Reformist Grouping[71] 13 December 1985[seventy] xix July 1994[70]
European Liberal Democratic and Reform Party ELDR[60] [70] n/a Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party[54] [56] [lxx] [74] 19 July 1994[seventy] 20 July 2004[lxx]
European Radical Alliance ERA[lx] ARE[75] Group of the European Radical Alliance[56] [76] 1994[51] 1999[75]
Brotherhood of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ALDE[60] ADLE[77] Group of the Brotherhood of Liberals and Democrats for Europe[70] [78] twenty July 2004[70] June 2019
Renew Europe RE RE Renew Europe group 20 June 2019 present

Eurosceptic conservatives [edit]

Parties from certain European countries take been unwilling to join the centre-right European People'south Party Grouping. These parties generally have a liberal bourgeois but eurosceptic calendar. The first such Grouping was formed when the French Gaullists separate from the Liberal Group on 21 Jan 1965[58] and created a new Group called the "European Autonomous Spousal relationship"[51] [54] (not to be confused with the association of bourgeois and Christian-democratic parties founded in 1978 called the European Democrat Union nor the Bourgeois Grouping called the "European Democratic Grouping" founded in 1979). The Group was renamed on 16 January 1973[58] to the "Group of European Progressive Democrats"[79] [eighty] when the Gaullists were joined by the Irish Fianna Fáil and Scottish National Party, and renamed itself again on 24 July 1984[58] to the "Group of the European Democratic Alliance".[51] [lxxx] The European Democratic Brotherhood joined with MEPs from Forza Italy to become the "Union for Europe"[56] [81] on vi July 1995,[58] simply it didn't last and the Forza Italia MEPs left on xv June 1998 to bring together the EPP,[58] leaving Spousal relationship for Europe to struggle on until it separate on 20 July 1999.[58] The French Rally for the Republic members joined the EPP,[58] but Fianna Fáil and the Portuguese CDS–PP members joined a new group called the "Union for Europe of the Nations".[82] Later the 2009 Parliament elections the Marriage for Europe of Nations was disbanded due to a lack of members, with the remaining members splitting into factions, with some joining with the remaining members of Independence/Commonwealth to form Europe of Liberty and Democracy, a new Eurosceptic grouping, and the remaining members joining with the old members of the European Democrat subgroup of the EPP-ED to grade the European Conservatives and Reformists.

Group
name 		English language
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament proper noun 		From To
European Democratic Spousal relationship[51] [54] n/a UDE[58] European Democratic Spousal relationship Group[80] 21 January 1965[58] 16 January 1973[58]
European Progressive Democrats[51] [54] EPD[83] DEP[58] Group of European Progressive Democrats[79] [80] 16 January 1973[58] 24 July 1984[58]
European Democratic Brotherhood[60] EDA[51] [threescore] RDE[58] Grouping of the European Democratic Alliance[51] [eighty] [81] 24 July 1984[58] half-dozen July 1995[58]
Union for Europe UFE[60] UPE[58] "Group Union for Europe"[56] [81] six July 1995[58] 20 July 1999[58]
Marriage for Europe of the Nations UEN[51] [60] north/a Matrimony for Europe of the Nations Group[82] 20 July 1999[58] [84] 11 June 2009
European Conservatives and Reformists ECR CRE European Conservatives and Reformists Grouping 24 June 2009 present

Greens and regionalists [edit]

In European politics, in that location has been a coalition between the greens and the stateless nationalists or regionalists (who also support devolution). In 1984[75] Greens and regionalists gathered into the "Rainbow Grouping",[51] a coalition of Greens, regionalists and other parties of the left unaffiliated with any of the international organisations. In 1989,[51] [75] the group split: the Greens went off to form the "Green Group", whilst the regionalists stayed in Rainbow. Rainbow collapsed in 1994[75] and its members joined the "European Radical Brotherhood" under the French Energie Radicale. The Greens and regionalists stayed separate until 1999,[54] [75] when they reunited under the "Greens/European Free Alliance"[54] [59] imprint.

Group
name 		English language
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament proper noun 		From To
Rainbow Group RBW[lx] ARC[75] Rainbow Grouping: Federation of the Greenish Alternative European Left, Agalev-Ecolo, the Danish People'due south Motion against Membership of the European Community and the European Free Alliance in the European Parliament[76] [85] 1984[75] 1989[51] [75]
Rainbow Group RBW[lx] ARC[75] Rainbow Grouping in the European Parliament[75] [76] 1989[51] [75] 1994[75]
The Dark-green Group G[lx] V[86] The Green Group in the European Parliament[56] [87] 1989[51] [54] [75] 1999[54] [75]
The Greens–European Costless Brotherhood M/EFA,[lx] Verts/ALE[59] Group of the Greens–European Gratuitous Alliance[54] [59] [88] 1999[54] present

Communists and socialists [edit]

The first communist group in the European Parliament was the "Communist and Allies Group"[51] founded on 16 Oct 1973.[89] Information technology stayed together until 25 July 1989[89] when information technology split into two groups, the "Left Unity" Group[51] with 14[51] members and the "Group of the European United Left"[89] (EUL) with 28[51] members. EUL collapsed in January 1993[90] after the Italian Communist Party became the Democratic Political party of the Left and its MEPs joined the Human foot Group, leaving Left Unity every bit the but leftist grouping before the 1994 elections.[90] The name was resurrected immediately after the elections when the "Confederal Group of the European United Left"[89] was formed on 19 July 1994.[89] On 6 January 1995,[89] when parties from Sweden and Finland joined, the Grouping was further renamed to the "Confederal Grouping of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left" and information technology has stayed that way to the nowadays.

Group
proper name 		English
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament name 		From To
Communists and Allies COM[60] n/a Communist and Allies Group[51] [91] 16 Oct 1973[89] 25 July 1989[89]
European United Left EUL[60] GUE[51] [54] Grouping for the European United Left[92] 25 July 1989[89] Jan 1993[xc]
Left Unity LU[threescore] CG[51] [89] Left Unity[51] [93] 25 July 1989[89] xix July 1994[89]
European United Left EUL[60] GUE[51] [54] Confederal Group of the European United Left[89] [94] nineteen July 1994[89] vi January 1995[89]
European United Left–Nordic Green Left EUL/NGL[sixty] GUE/NGL[54] [59] Confederal Group of the European United Left–Nordic Light-green Left[56] [59] [94] 6 January 1995[89] [94] nowadays

Far-correct nationalists [edit]

In European politics, a grouping of nationalists has thus far found information technology hard to cohere in a continuous Group. The get-go nationalist Grouping was founded by the French National Front and the Italian Social Movement in 1984[51] [95] nether the name of the "Grouping of the European Right",[51] [95] and it lasted until 1989.[95] [96] Its successor, the "Technical Group of the European Right",[95] [97] existed from 1989[95] to 1994.[95] There was then a gap of thirteen years until "Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty"[98] was founded on 15 January 2007,[98] which lasted for most eleven months until information technology barbarous apart on 14 November 2007 due to in-fighting.[99] [100]

A new radical right group was formed during the 8th parliament on xvi June 2022 under the proper noun "Europe of Nations and Freedom".[101] [102]

Grouping
name 		English language
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament name 		From To
European Right ER[51] [60] northward/a Group of the European Right[51] [95] [103] 24 July 1984[103] 24 July 1989[103]
European Right DR[97] due north/a Technical Group of the European Right[95] [97] [103] 25 July 1989[103] xviii July 1994[103]
Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty ITS[98] n/a Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty Grouping[103] 15 January 2007[98] xiv November 2007[99]
Europe of Nations and Freedom ENF[104] ENL Europe of Nations and Liberty Grouping[104] 16 June 2015[105] 13 June 2019
Identity and Democracy ID ID Identity and democracy Group 13 June 2019 nowadays

Eurosceptics [edit]

The school of political thought that states that the competences of the Eu should be reduced or prevented from expanding further, is represented in the European Parliament by the eurosceptics. The outset Eurosceptic grouping in the European Parliament was founded on 19 July 1994.[106] It was chosen the "European Nations Group"[106] and it lasted until x November 1996.[106] Its successor was the "Grouping of Independents for a Europe of Nations",[56] [107] founded on 20 December 1996.[106] Following the 1999 European elections, the Grouping was reorganised into the "Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities"[54] [59] on twenty July 1999,[106] and similarly reorganised later on the 2004 election into the "Independence/Republic Group"[108] on twenty July 2004.[106] The group's leaders were Nigel Farage (UKIP) and Kathy Sinnott (Independent, Republic of ireland). After the 2009 European elections a significant proportion of the IND/DEM members joined the "Europe of Freedom and Republic", which included parties formerly part of the Wedlock for a Europe of Nations. The EFD group's leaders were Farage and Francesco Speroni of the Lega Nord (Italy). With pregnant changes in membership after the 2022 European elections, the group was re-formed as "Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy", led by Farage and David Borrelli (Five Star Motility, Italy).

Group
name 		English language
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament name 		From To
Europe of Nations EN[60] EDN[86] Europe of Nations Group (Coordination Group)[109] xix July 1994[106] [109] 10 November 1996[106] [109]
Independents for a Europe of Nations I-EN[107] I-EDN[106] Grouping of Independents for a Europe of Nations[56] [107] [109] [110] 20 December 1996[106] xx July 1999[106]
Europe of Democracies and Diversities EDD[54] [59] n/a Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities[54] [59] [110] 20 July 1999[106] 20 July 2004[106]
Independence/Democracy IND/DEM[threescore] n/a Independence/Democracy Group[108] [110] twenty July 2004[106] 11 June 2009
Europe of Freedom and Democracy EFD ELD Europe of Liberty and Commonwealth Group[111] 1 July 2009 24 June 2014
Europe of Freedom and Straight Republic EFDD ELDD Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy Group 24 June 2014 26 June 2019

Heterogeneous [edit]

A Group is causeless to have a set up of core principles ("affinities" or "complexion") to which the full members are expected to adhere. This throws upward an anomaly: Groups get money and seats on Committees which Independent members do non get, merely the total number of Independent members may be greater than the members of the smaller Groups. In 1979, MEPs got round this by forming a technical group (formally chosen the "Group for the Technical Coordination and Defense of Independent Groups and Members",[112] or "CDI"[72] for short) as a coalition of parties ranging from centre-left to far-left, which were not aligned with whatsoever of the major international organizations.[113] CDI lasted until 1984.[75] On 20 July 1999,[114] another technical group was formed, (formally called the "Technical Group of Contained Members – mixed grouping"[115] or "TGI"[60] [114] for brusque). Since information technology contained far-right MEPs and eye-left MEPs, it could not possibly exist depicted as having a common outlook. The Commission on Ramble Affairs ruled[116] that TGI did non have a coherent political complexion, Parliament upheld (412 to 56 with 36 abstentions) the ruling,[117] and TGI was thus disbanded on 13 September 1999,[117] the first Grouping to be forcibly dissolved. Nevertheless, the ruling was appealed to the European Courtroom of First Example[117] and the Grouping was temporarily resurrected on 1 December 1999[118] until the Court came to a decision.[118] On 3 Oct 2001, president Fontaine announced that the Court of First Case had alleged against the appeal[119] and that the disbandment was back in effect from ii October 2001, the date of the declaration.[120] TGI appeared on the listing of Political Groups in the European Parliament for the last time on 4 October 2001.[121] Since then the requirement that Groups have a coherent political complexion has been enforced (as ITS subsequently establish out), and "mixed" Groups are not expected to appear once again.

Grouping
proper name 		English language
abbr. 		French
abbr. 		Formal European
Parliament proper name 		From To
Technical Grouping of Independents n/a CDI[72] "Group for the Technical Coordination and Defence force of Contained Groups and Members"[112] 20 July 1979[114] 24 July 1984[117]
Technical Grouping of Independents TGI[lx] [114] TDI[54] [59] "Technical Grouping of Independent Members – mixed group"[115] 20 July 1999[114] iv October 2001[121]

Independents [edit]

Independent MEPs that are not in a Group are categorised every bit "Not-Inscrits" (the French term is universally used, even in English translations). This non-Group has no Grouping privileges or funding, and is included here solely for completeness.

[1] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [sixty] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [67] [68] [69] [seventy] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [eighty] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [103] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [112] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121]

See also [edit]

  • Apportionment in the European Parliament
  • European Party for Individual Liberty
  • Political organisations at European Union level

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • 8values political quiz
  • come across how European Political Groups vote and how they form coalitions on diverse policy areas
  • European Parliament political groups
  • Lists of MEPs by political group
  • The Party System of the European Parliament: Collusive or Competitive? (includes groups and how they evolved since 1952/three)
  • The European Parliament and Supranational Party System Cambridge University Press 2002
  • Party Groups and Policy Positions in the European Parliament
  • Josep Thousand. Colomer. "How Political Parties, Rather than Member-States, Are Edifice the European Union" (proof re-create), (via Google Books) in Widening the European union: The Politics of Institutional Change, ed. Bernard Steunenberg. London: Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-26835-4.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament

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